How is cardiac output calculated?

Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume. This calculation provides an important measure of how effectively the heart is pumping blood to the body.

Heart rate refers to the number of times the heart beats per minute, while stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat. Therefore, the formula for cardiac output is expressed as:

Cardiac Output (CO) = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)

This relationship shows that if either heart rate or stroke volume increases, cardiac output will also increase, which is crucial during physical activity or in response to various physiological demands.

The other options presented do not correctly represent the calculation for cardiac output, which is why they are less applicable in this context. Understanding this calculation is vital for assessing cardiovascular health and managing patient care in emergency situations.