What condition is characterized by the formation of plaque within the arterial wall?

The condition characterized by the formation of plaque within the arterial wall is atherosclerosis. This process involves the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls, leading to the formation of plaques. Over time, these plaques can harden and narrow the arteries, which can restrict blood flow. This can result in serious cardiovascular issues, including heart attacks and strokes.

Atherosclerosis specifically describes the type of arteriosclerosis that is related to the buildup of plaque. It is important to differentiate atherosclerosis from arteriosclerosis in general, as arteriosclerosis refers to a broader group of conditions affecting the arterial walls, often related to thickening and loss of elasticity without the specific implication of plaque formation.

Cardiomyopathy relates to diseases of the heart muscle, affecting its size, shape, and ability to pump blood effectively, while hypertension refers to high blood pressure. Both conditions are significant in cardiovascular health but are not directly related to the plaque formation described in the question.