What do adrenal glands release in response to stress?

The adrenal glands play a critical role in the body's response to stress by releasing catecholamines, specifically epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are essential components of the body's "fight or flight" response, preparing the individual to react to stressors.

When a person encounters a stressful situation, the hypothalamus prompts the adrenal medulla (the inner part of the adrenal glands) to release epinephrine (often referred to as adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These hormones increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, and enhance energy availability by mobilizing glucose and fat. This rapid response helps the body to face immediate challenges posed by stressors.

The other hormone choices presented—insulin and glucagon, progesterone and testosterone, and thyroid hormones—do not directly serve this same function. Insulin and glucagon are primarily involved in regulating blood sugar levels, while progesterone and testosterone are related to reproductive functions. Thyroid hormones are crucial for regulating metabolism but are not directly related to the immediate stress response facilitated by the adrenal glands during acute stress. This clear distinction underscores the vital role of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands in acute stress reactions.