What is the main feature of anaerobic processes?

The main feature of anaerobic processes is that they occur in the absence of oxygen and typically result in the production of byproducts such as lactic acid or ethanol, depending on the organism and the specific process. In anaerobic glycolysis, for example, glucose is not fully oxidized due to the lack of oxygen, leading to the production of lactic acid in muscle cells when exercising intensely.

In contrast, aerobic processes utilize oxygen and lead to the complete oxidation of glucose, producing carbon dioxide and water along with a significant amount of energy (ATP). This makes anaerobic processes distinct, as they do not require oxygen and yield less energy than their aerobic counterparts.

Thus, the production of lactic acid during anaerobic metabolism, particularly in muscle cells, is a hallmark of such processes. This byproduct is a result of the incomplete breakdown of glucose and reflects the shift in metabolic pathways when oxygen is scarce. While glucose metabolism does occur, and some energy is produced, it is not as efficient as when oxygen is present. Therefore, the defining aspect of anaerobic processes is the production of lactic acid, which gives a clear indication of the metabolic environment in which they operate.